Sabtu, 30 Juli 2011

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

A. The definition of growth and development
1) Growth:
- Physical changes
- Increased number of cells
- Size
- Quantitative
- Height, weight, size of bones, teeth
- Patterns vary
2) Development:
- Qualitative
- Maturation
- Systematic, progressive and continuous
B. The characteristics of growth and development
• Changes in the physical and psychological aspects,
• Changes in the proportion,
• The disappearance of the old signs, and
• Provided new signs.

C. The principles of growth and development
• orderly process, sequential, orderly and continuous --- maturbasi, environmental and genetic factors,
• a similar pattern, consistent and chronological, predictable,
• time variation appears (onset), duration, and effects of each stage of growth,
• has a characteristic,
• Never ending process - a lifetime and covers all aspects,
• Cephalocaudal,
• Proximodistal,
• Differentiation,
• a unique thing - individuals tend to reach maximum potential development,
• Task development,
• development of an aspect can be speeded up or slowed down,
• the development of certain aspects of running parallel or correlate with other aspects, and
• development occurs in a different tempo.

D. Factors affecting the growth and development
1) Genetic factors
- Hereditary factors - the time of conception,
- Is fixed or not changed throughout life,
- Determine several characteristics such as gender, race, hair, eye color, physical growth, posture and some psychological uniqueness such as temperament, and
- Potential genetic quality should be able to positively interact with the environment in order to obtain optimal final results.
2) External factors / environment
- Influencing individuals each day from conception until the end of his life, and will determine whether or not the inherent potential is reached,
- External factors that will enable the achievement of good enough innate potential, while the less good will slow him down.
a) Family
• Values, beliefs, customs, and patterns of interaction and communication.
• Function: survival, security, social and emotional development, an explanation of society and the world, and help study the role and behavior.
b) The group of peers
• The environment is new and different, giving different patterns and structures in the interaction and communication, and require different behavior styles.
• Function: learning successes and failures, validate and challenge the thoughts and feelings, gain acceptance, support and resistance as a unique human being who is part of the family, and to achieve group goals with the needs and expectations.
c) Life experience
Life experience and learning process


allow individuals to grow by applying what is learned

Stages of learning
- Recognize the need
- Mastery of skills
- Duties
- Integration into the entire function
- Develop effective behavioral performance.
d) Health
• Levels of health --- the individual response to the environment and the response of others on the individual,
• Health Prenatal (before birth) affects growth and development of the fetal (fetus),
• Adequate Nutrition,
• A balance between rest, sleep and exercise,
• Condition of pain --- the inability to carry out development tasks --- disrupted growth and development,
e) The environment in which to live
Season, climate, daily life and socioeconomic status.
E. Stages of Human Growth
1. Neonates (birth - 28 days)
- At this stage, the development of the neonate's possible to be developed as desired.
- Implications of nursing: helping parents to identify and find the needs that are not found.
2. Infants (1 month - 1 year)
Infants aged 1-3 months:
- Up
- Follow objects with eyes
- View with a smile
- Reacts to noise or sound
- Know her by sight, smell, hearing and contacts
- Hold the goods in his hands
- Babble babble spontaneously or react with
Infants aged 3-6 months:
- Up to 90 °
- Lift your chest with hands resting
- Learn to reach objects that are within range or outside the scope
- Putting objects in his mouth,
- Trying to expand its field of view
- Laughed and screamed for joy when invited to play
- Began trying to find lost objects
Infants 6-9 months:
- Sit unaided
- On his stomach and turned itself
- Crawl reach the object or close to someone
- Move objects from one hand to the other
- Hold small objects with thumb and forefinger
- Have fun with throwing objects
- Remove the words without meaning
- Familiar faces of family members and fear in others
- Began to participate in a clapping game
Infants 9-12 months:
- Stand alone without assistance
- Guided walk
- Imitating the sound
- Repeat the sounds he was hearing
- Learn to express one or two words
- Understand simple commands or prohibitions
- A great interest in exploring the surrounding
- Want to touch anything and insert objects into her mouth
- Participate in the game
Implications of nursing: controlling the environment around the baby so that the physical and psychological developmental needs of infants can be met.

3. Toddler (1-3 years)
Increased ability of psychosocial and motor development
Children aged 12-18 months:
- Began to walk and explore the house and around the house
- Prepare 2 or 3 boxes
- Can say 50-10 words
- Show jealousy and a sense of competing
Children aged 18-24 months:
- Capable of up and down stairs
- Up 6 boxes
- Appoint the eyes and nose
- Developed a two-word
- Learn to feed themselves
- Draw a line on paper or sand
- Begin to learn to control defecation and urination
- Interested in what people do larger
- Shows interest in other children and play with them
Children aged 2-3 years:
- Children learn to jump, climb, jump with one leg
- Make a bridge with 3 boxes
- Able to make sentences
- Use my words
- Asking
- Understand the words addressed to him
- Draw a circle
- Playing with other children
- Aware of others outside the family environment
Implications of nursing: the security is very important. Strategies to avoid safety risks must be balanced for optimum child development.
4. Pre school (3-6 years)
Developing pre-school world. During play, children try new experiences and social roles. Physical growth is slower.
Children aged 3-4 years:
- To walk alone visited neighbor
- Walking on toes
- Learned to dress and undress themselves
- Draw the crosshairs
- Draw people (only the head and body)
- Know 2 or 3 colors
- Speak properly
- Asked how the child is born
- Listening to stories
- Playing with other children
- Showed compassion to his brothers
- Can perform simple tasks.
Children aged 4-5 years:
- Able to jump and dance
- Draw people consisting of the head, arms and body
- Can count fingers
- Listen and repeat the important stuff and stories
- Interest in new words and their meanings
- To protest what he wants when prohibited
- Distinguish between large and small
- Interest to the activities for adults.
Children age 6 years:
- Increased agility
- Jump rope
- Playing a bike
- Describes objects with images
- Know the right and left
- Show tempertantrum
- May oppose and disrespectful
Nursing Implications: give a chance to play and interact socially
5. School age (6-12 years)
Peer group influence children's behavior. Physical, cognitive and social rise. Children improve their communication abilities.
Children aged 6-7 years:
- Reads like a machine
- Repeat three numbers backwards sort
- Read time for a quarter hour
- Children playing with woman woman
- Boys playing with men
- Worried about failure
- Sometimes shy or sad
- Increased interest in the field of spiritual
Children aged 8-9 years:
- Speed ​​and smoothness of increased motor activity
- Using tools such as hammers
- Household appliances
- More individual skills
- Want to be involved in everything
- Liked the group and mode
- Actively looking for friends
Children aged 10-12 years:
- Height slow accretion
- Rapid weight gain
- Body changes associated with puberty may seem
- Able to perform activities such as washing and drying clothes alone
- Cooking, sawing, painting
- Drawing, like writing letters or specific records
- Reading for pleasure or purpose
- Peers and parents is important
- Got interested with the opposite sex
- Very interested in reading, science
Implications of nursing: to give time and energy so that children can pursue a hobby and school activities. Recognize and support children's achievement.

6. Adolescents (12-18/20 years)
- Self-concept change in accordance with the development of biological
- Trying to values ​​prevailing
- Added a maximum on the height, weight
- Stress increases especially in times of conflict
- Children's women begin getting your period, look fatter
- Talking on the phone a long time, mood changes (emotional instability), sexual preferences started to look
- Conform to the standards group
- Boys prefer sports, young women like to talk about clothes, make-up
- Child-parent relationship reached its lowest point, began to break away from parents
- Fear of rejection by peers
- At the end of adolescence: reaching physical maturity, to pursue a career, sexual identity is formed, more comfortable with yourself, the peer group is less important, more controlled emotion, forming a permanent relationship.
Implications of nursing: helping adolescents to develop coping skills or strategies to resolve conflicts.
7. Young adults (20-40 years)
- Developing personal lifestyle.
- Cultivate relationships with others
- There is a commitment and competence
- Making decisions about career, marriage and parenthood
- Individuals trying to reach and conquer the world, the habit of rational thinking increases
- Educational experience, life experience and opportunity in employment increases.
Nursing Implications: accept the lifestyle they choose, assist in the adjustment, accept their commitment and competence, support the changes that are important for health.
8. Middle adulthood (40-65 years)
- Lifestyle began to change due to other changes, such as children leaving home
- Her children have grown up and started to leave the house
- Physical changes can occur as the hair appears gray, the fold line on the face, and others
- Time to be together more
- The wife of menopause, men want to feel your sex life by getting married again (dangerous age).
Implications of nursing: helping individuals make plans in anticipation of the change of life, to accept the risk factors associated with health and focus individual attention on strengths, not on weaknesses.
9. Older adults
- Young-old (old-young), 65-74 years: adapting to retirement (decreased income), adapt to physical changes, can develop chronic disease.
Implications of nursing: helping individuals to maintain physical and social activity, maintain the interaction with peer groups.
- Middle-old (old-intermediate), 75-84 years old: required adaptation to the decrease in speed of movement, sensory abilities and increased dependence on others.
Implications of nursing: helping individuals to cope with loss (hearing, sight, the death of a loved one).
- Old-old (elders), 85 years and above: increased physical health problems.
Implications of nursing: individual aids in self-care and maintain the ability to independently if possible

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